If you’ve received a court notice and found yourself staring at words like “summons,” “motion,” or “order to show cause,” you’re not alone. Legal documents often use formal language that can feel confusing—especially if it’s your first time dealing with the court system.
This guide will walk you through the most common legal terms found in court notices, explain their meanings in everyday language, and help you take the right next steps. Being able to understand these terms can make the entire process feel less intimidating and help you stay on top of deadlines and responsibilities.
Why Legal Language Matters
Court notices are official documents that communicate actions, deadlines, or requirements from the court. Ignoring or misunderstanding them can lead to missed hearings, default judgments, or even fines. That’s why it’s critical to learn what these documents are saying—even if you don’t have a lawyer.
The good news is that you don’t need to be fluent in legalese. Once you know a few key terms and how they fit into the process, you’ll be able to read court notices with greater confidence.
Common Legal Terms in Court Notices
1. Summons
A summons is a formal notice that you are being sued or are part of a legal proceeding. It usually comes with a complaint and tells you how long you have to respond.
- If you ignore a summons, the court may enter a default judgment against you.
- Pay close attention to deadlines listed in the summons—it will often say something like, “You must respond within 20 days.”
2. Complaint or Petition
This document outlines what the other party is asking for and why. It’s the start of the lawsuit or legal request.
- The complaint is common in civil cases.
- A petition is often used in family law cases like custody or divorce.
You’ll be expected to file a response if you disagree with what’s being requested.
3. Answer
Your answer is your official response to a complaint. It’s usually due within a specific number of days from receiving the summons.
- You don’t just say “yes” or “no.” You must address each issue raised in the complaint.
- If you miss the deadline, the other party can ask the court to move forward without your input.
4. Motion
A motion is a formal request asking the court to take a specific action.
Examples include:
- Motion to dismiss: Asking the court to throw out the case.
- Motion for continuance: Asking to reschedule a hearing.
If you receive notice of a motion, you may need to respond or attend a hearing to oppose or support it.
5. Order to Show Cause
This is a notice requiring you to appear in court and explain why the court shouldn’t take a proposed action—like enforcing a judgment or changing custody.
- You must attend the hearing and bring relevant documents or witnesses.
- Failing to respond could lead to a court order being issued without your side of the story.
6. Subpoena
A subpoena is an official demand for you to either:
- Appear in court or at a deposition to testify, or
- Provide documents or records to the court or one of the parties.
It’s legally binding—if you ignore it, the court may impose penalties.
7. Hearing Notice
This document tells you the date, time, and location of your upcoming court appearance.
- Don’t assume it’s optional—missing a hearing can result in a default ruling.
- Always confirm whether you need to bring documents or if you’re expected to testify.
8. Order or Judgment
This is an official decision by the court.
- An order may resolve a specific part of your case (e.g., temporary custody).
- A judgment is usually a final decision (e.g., a ruling on damages or divorce).
Carefully read every part of a court order. You are legally required to comply with it.
9. Notice of Entry
This simply means the court has formally entered an order or judgment into the public record. Deadlines to appeal or modify orders usually start from this date.
Mark it on your calendar so you don’t miss important follow-up windows.
10. Affidavit or Declaration
These are sworn written statements submitted to the court. They are used to present facts, arguments, or evidence.
- An affidavit is notarized.
- A declaration is signed under penalty of perjury, but not notarized.
You may be asked to write your own or respond to one from the other party.
How to Read and Respond to a Court Notice
- Read everything slowly – Take your time. Highlight names, dates, and key actions.
- Look for deadlines – Most notices include a time frame for filing a response, showing up in court, or providing documents.
- Find the next step – Do you need to respond in writing? Appear in person? Submit documents?
- Check names and case numbers – Make sure the document is about your case and that your name is spelled correctly.
- Ask for help if needed – Court clerks, self-help centers, or legal aid services can help you interpret notices. They can’t give legal advice, but they can explain procedures.
Communicating with Legal Professionals
If you’re working with an attorney, send them a copy of every court notice you receive. Ask them to explain anything you don’t understand. If you’re representing yourself, write down your questions before calling the court or visiting a help center.
Avoid relying on social media or forums for interpretations. Court rules and procedures vary by state and case type.
Understanding court notices doesn’t mean memorizing legal jargon. It means recognizing the format, spotting deadlines, and responding on time. Once you’re familiar with common terms, the process becomes much more manageable—and much less intimidating.